METHODOLOGY Spatial Analysis In order to estimate the potential eruption hazard in a region, probabilistic modelling of volcanic eruption products is carried out to identify the areas most at risk of being affected. The main input for the model is a long-term volcanic hazard map calculated several years in advance using QVAST (QGIS for VolcAnic SuscepTibility) which is one of the QGIS plugins. The long-term volcanic hazard map uses geological information such as the location and age of conduits, faults, fractures, as well as seismic and deformation data. The probability density function of each feature class is weighted differently through expert judgement elicitation and combined through a Poisson point process. To move from long-term to short-term volcanic vulnerability estimates, information from long-term geological, seismic and deformation data will be combined with information from recent monitoring and research data to determine the likely location of the eruption centre, and then eruptive material distribution modelling will be performed to produce a more probabilistic hazard map. General structure of the Susceptibility analyses with QVAST In conducting susceptibility analysis, several steps must be done sequentially. The methodology is structured into several steps: data collection, database development, probability density function, expert judgment for weighting, and susceptibility mapping using the QVAST plugin within the VOLCANBOX suite. Data Collection and Database Development The first thing to do is to prepare the data collection. The data required are volcanic and tectonic features, both of which play a role in the data collection. The initial stage involved building a database containing all relevant geological features to aid in determining potential eruption locations. The database is divided into volcanic features and tectonic features Probability Density Function and Local Intensity Mapping The analysis involved the use of a probability density function (PDF) to generate local intensity maps for each feature.  The bandwidth for each feature was calculated using Least Squares Cross-Validation (LSCV), which determines the optimal smoothing parameter for spatial data. The results of the bandwidth calculation then proceeded to the calculation of the probability density function (PDF). The result of the PDF analysis is a local intensity map of each shapefile which will then become a parameter in the final susceptibility calculation. Expert Judgment, Estimating The Weight Used for The Final Susceptibility Map The determination of the weights used for susceptibility mapping is based on expert judgment and is given in the form of a range of values. Each parameter will be entered into the weight value and processed by trial and error, then if the results obtained are following the judgment of the experts the exact weight value used can be determined. The experts used the division of susceptibility level restrictions on parameters. Parameters that have a high risk are at 45-55%, then the medium level is at 10-25%, and the lowest level is at <5%. Susceptibility Mapping and Spatial Probability Calculations The final step involved the creation of a comprehensive susceptibility map using QGIS, an open-source Geographic Information System. The VOLCANBOX suite’s QVAST plugin was employed to integrate all the weighted parameters and calculate the overall spatial probability of future vent openings. The susceptibility map was generated by applying a non-homogeneous Poisson process, which models the probability of vent activation based on the combined data inputs. The output map highlights regions with varying levels of susceptibility, ranging from low-risk zones (indicated in blue) to high-risk zones (indicated in red). The map serves as a crucial tool for hazard management and risk mitigation, offering a detailed visual representation of potential future eruption sites.

Mount Ciremai Overview Region Majalengka, West Java Latitude 6.895°S Longitude 108.408°E Summit 3039 m Elevation 9970 ft Primary Volcano Type Composite (Stratovolcano) Last Known Eruption 1951 CE Literature and Analysis Eruptive History Geomorphology Geological Settings Structure Reference Eruptive History Geomorphology Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Ut elit tellus, luctus nec ullamcorper mattis, pulvinar dapibus leo. Geological Settings Tab Content Structure Tab Content Reference [1] volcano.si.edu [2] volcanolive.com

Mount Galunggung Overview Region Tasikmalaya, West Java Latitude 7.25°S Longitude 108.058°E Summit 2168 m Elevation 7113 ft Primary Volcano Type Composite (Stratovolcano) Last Known Eruption 1984 CE Literature and Analysis Eruptive History Geomorphology Geological Settings Structure Reference Eruptive History Geomorphology Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Ut elit tellus, luctus nec ullamcorper mattis, pulvinar dapibus leo. Geological Settings Tab Content Structure Tab Content Reference [1] volcano.si.edu [2] Gourgaud, A., Thouret, J. C., & Bourdier, J. L. (2000). Stratigraphy and textural characteristics of the 1982–83 tephra of Galunggung volcano (Indonesia): implications for volcanic hazards. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 104(1-4), 169-186. [3] De Hoog, J. C. M., Koetsier, G. W., Bronto, S., Sriwana, T., & Van Bergen, M. J. (2001). Sulfur and chlorine degassing from primitive arc magmas: temporal changes during the 1982–1983 eruptions of Galunggung (West Java, Indonesia). Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 108(1-4), 55-83. [4] Ariwibowo, G. A. (2017). Penanganan bencana letusan gunung galunggung pada tahun 1982-1983. Patra Widya: Seri Penerbitan Penelitian Sejarah dan Budaya., 18(2), 173-188. [5] Dalin, P., Pertsev, N., & Romejko, V. (2012). Notes on historical aspects on the earliest known observations of noctilucent clouds. History of Geo-and Space Sciences, 3(1), 87-97.

Mount Agung Overview Region Bali Latitude 8.343°S Longitude 115.508°E Summit 2997 m Elevation 9833 ft Primary Volcano Type Composite (Stratovolcano) Last Known Eruption 2019 CE Literature and Analysis Eruptive History Geomorphology Geological Settings Structure Reference Eruptive History Geomorphology Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Ut elit tellus, luctus nec ullamcorper mattis, pulvinar dapibus leo. Geological Settings Tab Content Structure Tab Content Reference [1] volcano.si.edu [2] vsi.esdm.go.id

Mount Guntur Overview Region Bogor, West Java Latitude 6.716°S Longitude 106.733°E Summit 2218 m Elevation 7277 ft Primary Volcano Type Stratovolcano Last Known Eruption 1938 CE Literature and Analysis Eruptive History Geomorphology Geological Settings Structure Reference Eruptive History Geomorphology Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Ut elit tellus, luctus nec ullamcorper mattis, pulvinar dapibus leo. Geological Settings Tab Content Structure Tab Content Reference [1] volcano.si.edu [2] Nakada, S., Maeno, F., Yoshimoto, M., Hokanishi, N., Shimano, T., Zaennudin, A., & Iguchi, M. (2019). Eruption scenarios of active volcanoes in Indonesia. Journal of Disaster Research, 14(1), 40-50. [3] Priyono, A., Suantika, G., Widiyantoro, S., & Nugraha, A. D. (2011). Three-dimensional seismic attenuation structure of Mt. Guntur, West Java, Indonesia. International Journal of Tomography and Statistics, 17(S11), 17-28.

Mount Papandayan Overview Region Garut, West Java Latitude 7.32°S Longitude 107.73°E Summit 2665 m Elevation 8743 ft Primary Volcano Type Stratovolcano(es) Last Known Eruption 2002 CE Literature and Analysis Eruptive History Geomorphology Geological Feature Reference Eruptive History Geomorphology Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Ut elit tellus, luctus nec ullamcorper mattis, pulvinar dapibus leo. Geological Feature The Papandayan’s activity is classified into early, middle and late stage which are subdivided into distinct units. Products of these three stages are mainly lava flows of basaltic andesite, pyroxene andesite and pyroxene dacite, respectively. Papandayan Early Stage The products are divided into nine units. All volcanic products of the early stage were erupted and distributed to the south. The lava flows are composed of olivine-orthopyroxene- clinopyroxene basaltic andesite and others are orthopyroxene-clinopyroxene basaltic andesite. Papandayan Middle Stage The middle stage was preceded by the formation of two debris avalanches. The products were mostly erupted to the south but some to the north. The lava flows are composed of orthopyroxene-clinopyroxene andesite. Papandayan Late Stage The products are divided into seven units. This stage is characterized by pyroclastic flow and caldera formation. The caldera at Papandayan which extends 3 x 5 km in diameter was formed during or after the eruptions of 7 pyroclastic flow deposits which are distributed around the edge of the caldera. After caldera formation, five dacitic lavas were erupted and followed by a debris avalanche. [6] Reference [1] volcano.si.edu [2] Abdurahman, O., Dahlan, A. E., & Damayanti, A. (2022). Geotourism Versus Wellness Tourism or Should We Better Combine Them in Getwell Tourism? A Case Study in Papandayan Compared to Wellness Tourism in Kuningan, West Java, Indonesia. International Journal of Geotourism Science and Development, 2(2), 32-39. [3] Sarsito, D. A., Andreas, H., Abidin, H. Z., Gamal, M., Suganda, O. K., & Hendrasto, M. (2006). Deformation Study of Papandayan Volcano using GPS Survey Method and Its Correlation with Seismic Data Observation. Journal of Engineering and Technological Sciences, 38(2), 123-146. [4] Neumann van Padang, M. (1983). History of the volcanology in the former Netherlands East Indies. Scripta geologica, 71, 1-76. [5] Morifuji, Y., Fujimitsu, Y., Nishijima, J., Mia, M. B., & Onizuka, S. (2021). Analysis of Heat Discharge Rate in Geothermal Areas Using Remote Sensing Techniques: Case Study of Unzen Geothermal Area, Japan; Papandayan and Tangkuban Perahu Geothermal Area, Indonesia. Pure and Applied Geophysics, 178(6), 2241-2256. [6] Abdurrachman, M., Yamamoto, M. (2012). Geochemical variation of Quaternary volcanic rocks in Papandayan area, West Java, Indonesia: A role of crustal component. Geosea, 41-57. 

Mount Raung Overview Region Bondowoso, East Java Latitude 8.119°S Longitude 114.056°E Summit 3260 m Elevation 10696 ft Primary Volcano Type Stratovolcano Last Known Eruption 2022 CE Literature and Analysis Eruptive History Geomorphology Geological Settings Structure Reference Eruptive History Geomorphology Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Ut elit tellus, luctus nec ullamcorper mattis, pulvinar dapibus leo. Geological Settings Tab Content Structure Tab Content Reference Tab Content

Mount Lokon Overview Region Tomohon, North Sulawesi Latitude 1.358°N Longitude 124.792°E Summit 1580 m Elevation 5184 ft Promary Volcano Type Stratovolcano Last Known Eruption 2015 CE Literature and Analysis Eruptive History Geomorphology Geological Settings Structure Reference Eruptive History 2003 Sep 12 Date Event Type Fatalities VEI (Explosivity Index) Level Event Remarks Reference 2003 Sep 12 Explosion,Ash,Earthquakes – 3 – – [1] 2002 Dec 23 – 2003 Apr 1 Date Event Type Fatalities VEI (Explosivity Index) Level Event Remarks Reference 2002 Dec 23 – 2003 Apr 1 Explosion,Ash,Earthquakes,Seismicity – 2 – – [1] 2002 Feb 9 – 2002 May 16 Date Event Type Fatalities VEI (Explosivity Index) Level Event Remarks Reference 2002 Feb 9– 2002 May 16 Explosion,Ash,Earthquakes,Seismicity – 2 – – [1] 2000 May 10 – 2001 Aug 18 Date Event Type Fatalities VEI (Explosivity Index) Level Event Remarks Reference 2000 May 10–2001 Aug 18 Explosion,Ash,Earthquakes,Seismicity,Lava fountains – 2 – – [1] 1991 May 17 – 1992 Jan 16 Date Event Type Fatalities VEI (Explosivity Index) Level Event Remarks Reference 1991 May 17–1992 Jan 16 Explosion,Ash,Earthquakes,Seismicity,Lava flow,Pyroclastic flow – 3 – – [1] 1988 Apr 21 – 1988 May 1 Date Event Type Fatalities VEI (Explosivity Index) Level Event Remarks Reference 1988 Apr 21 – 1988 May 1 Explosion,Ash – 2 – – [1] 1986 Mar 22 – 1987 May 13 Date Event Type Fatalities VEI (Explosivity Index) Level Event Remarks Reference 1986 Mar 22 – 1987 May 13 Explosion,Ash,Earthquakes,mudflow,phreatic activity,property damage,bombs – 2 – – [1] 1975 Nov 16 – 1980 Jul 2 Date Event Type Fatalities VEI (Explosivity Index) Level Event Remarks Reference 1975 Nov 16 – 1980 Jul 2 Explosion,Ash,Earthquakes,pyroclastic flow,lava dome,audible sounds – 2 – – [1] 1973 Sep 15 – 1974 Dec 16 Date Event Type Fatalities VEI (Explosivity Index) Level Event Remarks Reference 1973 Sep 15 Explosion,Ash – 1 – – [1] 1971 May 11 – 1971 Oct 26 Date Event Type Fatalities VEI (Explosivity Index) Level Event Remarks Reference 1971 May 11 Explosion,Ash,lava dome, audible sounds – 2 – – [1] 1969 Nov 27 – 1970 Dec 26 Date Event Type Fatalities VEI (Explosivity Index) Level Event Remarks Reference 1969 Nov 27 – 1970 Dec 26 Explosion,Ash,eruption cloud,pyroclastic flow,lahar,bombs,mud,seismicity – 2 – – [1] 1966 Sep 24 – 1966 Sep 30 Date Event Type Fatalities VEI (Explosivity Index) Level Event Remarks Reference 1966 Sep 24 – 1966 Sep 30 Explosion,Ash – 2 – – [1] 1965 Jul 10 Date Event Type Fatalities VEI (Explosivity Index) Level Event Remarks Reference 1965 Jul 10 Explosion,Ash – 2 – – [1] 1963 Dec 17 – 1964 Apr 16 Date Event Type Fatalities VEI (Explosivity Index) Level Event Remarks Reference 1963 Dec 17 Explosion,eruption cloud,ash – 2 – – [1] 1962 Apr 16 – 1962 Nov 16 Date Event Type Fatalities VEI (Explosivity Index) Level Event Remarks Reference 1962 Apr 16 Phreatic activity – 1 – – [1] 1961 May 19 – 1961 Dec 16 Date Event Type Fatalities VEI (Explosivity Index) Level Event Remarks Reference 1961 May 19 – 1961 Dec 16 Explosion,Ash – 2 – – [1] 1958 Feb 19 – 1959 Dec 23 Date Event Type Fatalities VEI (Explosivity Index) Level Event Remarks Reference 1958 Feb 19 – 1959 Dec 23 Explosion,Ash,eruption cloud,pyroclastic flow,lava dome,bombs,audible sounds,lapilli,property damage – 2 – – [1] 1951 Jul 2 – 1953 Mar 16 Date Event Type Fatalities VEI (Explosivity Index) Level Event Remarks Reference 1951 Jul 2 – 1953 Mar 16 Explosion,Ash,eruption cloud,pyroclastic flow,lava dome,bombs,flame,seismicity,property damage – 3 – – [1] 1949 Sep 14 Date Event Type Fatalities VEI (Explosivity Index) Level Event Remarks Reference 1949 Sep 14 Phreatic activity – 1 – – [1] 1942 Sep 3 Date Event Type Fatalities VEI (Explosivity Index) Level Event Remarks Reference 1942 Sep 3 Explosion,Ash – 2 – – [1] 1930 Aug Date Event Type Fatalities VEI (Explosivity Index) Level Event Remarks Reference 1930 Aug Explosion,phreatic activity – 2 – – [1] 1893 Mar 29 – 1894 Aug 14 Date Event Type Fatalities VEI (Explosivity Index) Level Event Remarks Reference 1893 Mar 29 Explosion – 2 – – [1] 1829 Mar Date Event Type Fatalities VEI (Explosivity Index) Level Event Remarks Reference 1829 Mar Explosion,crater – 2 – – [1] 1775 Date Event Type Fatalities VEI (Explosivity Index) Level Event Remarks Reference 1775 Explosion,property damage,fatalities – 3 – – [1] 1375 Date Event Type Fatalities VEI (Explosivity Index) Level Event Remarks Reference 1375 Explosion – 3 – – [1] Geomorphology Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Ut elit tellus, luctus nec ullamcorper mattis, pulvinar dapibus leo. Geological Settings Tab Content Structure Tab Content Reference Tab Content

Mount Salak Overview Region Bogor, West Java Latitude 6.716°S Longitude 106.733°E Summit 2218 m Elevation 7277 ft Primary Volcano Type Stratovolcano Last Known Eruption 1938 CE Literature and Analysis Eruptive History Geomorphology Geological Settings Structure Reference Eruptive History Geomorphology Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Ut elit tellus, luctus nec ullamcorper mattis, pulvinar dapibus leo. Geological Settings Tab Content Structure Tab Content Reference Tab Content

Mount Gede Overview Region Bogor, West Java Latitude 6.786°S Longitude 106.983°E Summit 3026 m Elevation 9928 ft Primary Volcano Type Stratovolcanoe(es) Last Known Eruption 1957 CE Literature and Analysis Eruptive History Geomorphology Geological Settings Structure Reference Eruptive History Geomorphology Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Ut elit tellus, luctus nec ullamcorper mattis, pulvinar dapibus leo. Geological Settings Tab Content Structure Tab Content Reference [1] volcano.si.edu [2] Adhiguna, A., Kuncoro, H., & Kriswati, E. (2020). ANALISIS DEFORMASI GUNUNGAPI GEDE BERDASARKAN DATA PENGAMATAN GPS KONTINU 2017-2018. REKA GEOMATIKA, 2020(1). [3] Tennant, E., Jenkins, S. F., Winson, A., Widiwijayanti, C., Gunawan, H., Haerani, N., … & Triastuti, H. (2021). Reconstructing eruptions at a data limited volcano: A case study at Gede (West Java). Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 418, 107325. [4] Belousov, A., Belousova, M., Krimer, D., Costa, F., Prambada, O., & Zaennudin, A. (2015). Volcaniclastic stratigraphy of Gede Volcano, West Java, Indonesia: how it erupted and when. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 301, 238-252. [5] volcanodiscovery.com [6] Astuti, N. D., Setyadji, A. B., Meilano, I., & Kriswati, E. (2018, July). Strain variation in the Gede volcano based on GPS observation from 2014-2017. In AIP Conference Proceedings (Vol. 1987, No. 1). AIP Publishing. [7] volcanolive.com