Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara
8.42°S
116.47°E
3726 m
12224 ft
Stratovolcano
2016 CE
| Date | Event Type | Fatalities | VEI (Explosivity Index) | Level | Event Remarks | Reference |
| 2016 Sep 27 | Seismicity (volcanic) | – | 2 | – | The eruption preceded by an increase in seismicity, but the number and amplitude of the events were insignificant | [1] |
| 2016 Sep 27 | Explosion | – | 2 | – | PVMBG reported that at 1445 a small-scale explosive eruption at Rinjani’s Barujari Crater produced an ash plume rose that rose 2 km above the crater and drifted WSW | [1] |
| 2016 Sep 27 | Ash plume | – | 2 | – | PVMBG reported that at 1445 a small-scale explosive eruption at Barujari Crater produced an ash plume rose that rose 2 km above the crater and drifted WSW. Based on satellite and pilot information, the Darwin VAAC reported an eruption at 0730 UTC that produced an ash plume that rose to 7.6 km altitude and drifted WSW. The eruption had ceased about 2.5 hours later and the last observation of the detached plume was about four hours after that 60 km WSW of the summit. | [1] |
| 2016 Sep 27 | Evacuations | – | 2 | – | Based on data from the Mount Rinjani National Park, BNPB reported that as many as 1,023 tourists were on Rinjani when it erupted. Officials began the evacuation of tourists that day. According to a news article, 44 trekkers had still not returned to the entrance points by 1 October. | [1] |
| Date | Event Type | Fatalities | VEI (Explosivity Index) | Level | Event Remarks | Reference |
| 2016 Aug 1 | Explosion | – | 2 | – | Based on satellite and pilot observations, the Darwin VAAC reported that an eruption generated an ash plume that rose to an altitude of 9.8 km and drifted S. | [1] |
| 2016 Sep 1 | Ash plume | – | 2 | – | Based on satellite imagery and a pilot report, the Darwin VAAC reported an ash plume clearly observed in satellite imagery extending 25 km W from the summit at 9.8 km altitude. A little more than an hour later, the plume height had dropped to 6.1 km altitude where it drifted 185 km S and 150 km WSW for several hours. It was last observed drifting SW about 240 km from the volcano early the next day. | [1] |
| Date | Event Type | Fatalities | VEI (Explosivity Index) | Level | Event Remarks | Reference |
| 2015 Dec 2 – 2015 Dec 5 |
Ash plume | – | 2 | – | Based on satellite and ground observations, the Darwin VAAC reported that on 2 and 5 December ash plumes rose to altitudes of 3.7-4.9 km and drifted 25-110 km SW and W. | [1] |
| 2015 Dec 25 – 2016 Jan 18 |
Degassing | – | 2 | – | White plumes rose 50 m above the crater. | [1] |
| Date | Event Type | Fatalities | VEI (Explosivity Index) | Level | Event Remarks | Reference |
| 2015 Nov 1 – 2015 Nov 5 |
Ash plume | – | 2 | – | Ash plumes rose to altitudes of 2.7-4.3 km and drifted as far as 350 km NW, W, WSW, and SW. BNPB reported that on 3 November ash plumes rose as high as 1 km above Barujari Crater and drifted W. Dense gray-to-brown ash plumes rose as high as 1.6 km above the crater. | [1] |
| 2015 Nov 3 | Ashfall | – | 2 | – | Ashfall was reported in seven villages in North Lombok. | [1] |
| 2015 Nov 3 – 2015 Nov 7 |
Thermal anomaly | – | 2 | – | Multiple near-daily MODVOLC thermal alerts were issued. | [1] |
| 2015 Nov 4 – 2015 Nov 10 |
Ash plume | – | 2 | – | BNPB reported that ash plumes rose to an altitude of 4.3 km and drifted W and SW. Based on satellite observations and pilot observations, the Darwin VAAC reported that ash plumes rose to altitudes of 4.3-6.1 km and drifted as far as 740 km NW, W, SW, and S. | [1] |
| 2015 Nov 7 – 2015 Nov 13 |
Ashfall | – | 2 | – | An ash deposit less than 1 mm thick was observed on Lombok Island. The ESE part of Bali Island immediately to the W of Lombok Island also reported minor ashfall. | [1] |
| 2015 Nov 9 | Ash plume, incadescent ejecta, Lava flow |
– | 2 | – |
Ash plumes rose 2.5 km above Barujari crater. Incandescent material was ejected 750 m above the crater. Based on a 9-November PVMBG notice, BNPB reported that a lava flow had traveled 1 km E of the crater, towards the Koko Putih River. |
[1] |
| 2015 Nov 11 – 2015 Nov 13 |
Ash plume, incadescent ejecta, Lava flow |
– | 2 | – |
Based on observations conducted at a volcano observation post in the village of Lawang Sembalun, PVMBG reported that dense white-and-gray plumes rose as high as 2.6 km above Barujari crater. Strombolian activity continued to feed N-to-E-trending lava flows. A lava flow entered lake Segara Anak, causing an increase in the lake level and increased flow in the Kokok Putih river. |
[1] |
| 2015 Nov 12 – 2015 Nov 23 |
Thermal anomaly | – | 2 | – | Multiple near-daily MODVOLC thermal alerts were issued. | [1] |
| 2015 Nov 14 | Ash plume, Ashfall |
– | 2 | – |
BNPB reported that ash plumes rose as high as 1.6 km and drifted WSW. Ashfall was reported in some villages downwind. |
[1] |
| 2015 Nov 15 – 2015 Nov 17 |
Ash plume | – | 2 | – | Based on satellite observations, the Darwin VAAC reported that ash plumes rose to altitudes of 3.7-4.3 km and drifted as far as 240 km NW, WNW, W, and SW. | [1] |
| 2015 Nov 18 – 2015 Nov 23 |
Ash plume | – | 2 | – | Based on satellite and pilot observations, the Darwin VAAC reported that ash plumes from rose to altitudes of 3-4.3 km and drifted as far as 95 km SW, WNW, and W. | [1] |
| 2015 Nov 18 | Thermal anomaly | – | 2 | – | A thermal anomaly was visible in satellite imagery. | |
| 2015 Nov 24 – 2015 Nov 30 |
Ash plume | – | 2 | – | Based on satellite and ground observations, the Darwin VAAC reported that ash plumes rose to altitudes of 3.7-4.3 km and drifted as far as 320 km SW and W. | [1] |
| 2015 Nov 25 | Ash plume | – | 2 | – | PVMBG reported that gray plumes rose as high as 2.5 km above Barujari Crater. | [1] |
| 2015 Nov 26 | Thermal anomaly | – | 2 | – | A MODVOLC thermal alert was issued. | [1] |
| Date | Event Type | Fatalities | VEI (Explosivity Index) | Level | Event Remarks | Reference |
| 2015 Oct 25 | Seismicity (tremor) | – | 2 | – | PVMBG reported that after an eruption occurred at Rinjani on 25 October tremor amplitude increased, and was continuous from 1109 on 2 November through 0600 on 5 November. |
[1] |
| 2015 Oct 25 | Explosion | – | 2 | – | PVMBG reported that at 1045 an explosion generated an ash plume that rose 200 m above the Barujari crater, inside the caldera. | [1] |
| 2015 OCt 25 | Ash plume, Ashfall |
– | 2 | – | PVMBG reported that at 1045 an explosion generated an ash plume that rose 200 m above the Barujari crater, inside the caldera. Ash fell on the flanks, especially to the SW. |
[1] |
| 2015 Oct 25 – 2015 Nov 24 |
Incandescent ejecta | – | 2 | – | Incandescent material was sometimes ejected 30-150 m high. |
[1] |
| 2015 Oct 25 – 2015 Oct 31 |
Degassing | – | 2 | – | Dense white emissions rose 900 m above Barujari Crater. | [1] |
| 2015 Oct 26 – 2015 Oct 28 |
Ash plume | – | 2 | – | Based on satellite observations, the Darwin VAAC reported that on 26 and 28 October ash plumes rose to altitudes of 3-4 km and drifted 45-75 km SW and WSW. | [1] |
| 2015 Oct 31 | Ash plume | – | 2 | – | Based on satellite observations and information from PVMBG, the Darwin VAAC reported that an ash plume rose to an altitude of 3 km and drifted W before it detached. | [1] |
| Date | Event Type | Fatalities | VEI (Explosivity Index) | Level | Event Remarks | Reference |
| 2009 May 2 | Explosion, Lava flow, Ash, Earthquakes |
– | 2 | – | – | [1] |
| Date | Event Type | Fatalities | VEI (Explosivity Index) | Level | Event Remarks | Reference |
| 1994 Jun 3 | Hot material, Lava mudflow, Ash, Pyroclastic flow |
– | 3 | – | Lava flow through the west part of lake and form Anak Barujari at 500 m high. | [1], [4] |
| 1994 Nov 3 | Hot material, Lava mudflow, Ash, Pyroclastic flow |
Thirty people died | 3 | – | Lava flow through the west part of lake and form Anak Barujari | [1], [4], [5] |
| Date | Event Type | Fatalities | VEI (Explosivity Index) | Level | Event Remarks | Reference |
| 1966 Mar 28 | Explosion, Lava flow, Ash, Earthquakes |
– | 1 | – | Lava came from eastern part of Barujari and drifted to North and South | [1], [3], [4] |
| Date | Event Type | Fatalities | VEI (Explosivity Index) | Level | Event Remarks | Reference |
| 1965 Sep 16 | Lava flow | – | 0 | – | Uncertain | [1] |
| Date | Event Type | Fatalities | VEI (Explosivity Index) | Level | Event Remarks | Reference |
| 1949 | Lava flow | – | 0 | – | – | [1] |
| Date | Event Type | Fatalities | VEI (Explosivity Index) | Level | Event Remarks | Reference |
| 1944 Dec 25 | Explosion, Lava flow, Ash, Lava dome, Property damage |
– | 2 | – | – | [1], [4] |
| Date | Event Type | Fatalities | VEI (Explosivity Index) | Level | Event Remarks | Reference |
| 1915 Nov 4 | Explosion | – | 2 | – | – | [1] |
| Date | Event Type | Fatalities | VEI (Explosivity Index) | Level | Event Remarks | Reference |
| 1944 Dec 25 | Explosion, Ash, mudflow, |
– | 2 | – | – | [1] |
| Date | Event Type | Fatalities | VEI (Explosivity Index) | Level | Event Remarks | Reference |
| 1906 Apr 29 | Explosion | – | 1 | – | – | [1] |
| Date | Event Type | Fatalities | VEI (Explosivity Index) | Level | Event Remarks | Reference |
| 1901 Jun 1 | Explosion, Ash |
– | 2 | – | – | [1] |
| Date | Event Type | Fatalities | VEI (Explosivity Index) | Level | Event Remarks | Reference |
| 1900 Nov 30 | Explosion, Lava flow |
– | 2 | – | – | [1] |
| Date | Event Type | Fatalities | VEI (Explosivity Index) | Level | Event Remarks | Reference |
| 1915 Nov 4 | Explosion, Earthquake |
– | 2 | – | – | [1] |
| Date | Event Type | Fatalities | VEI (Explosivity Index) | Level | Event Remarks | Reference |
| 1846 Sep 10 | Explosion | – | 2 | – | – | [1] |
| Date | Event Type | Fatalities | VEI (Explosivity Index) | Level | Event Remarks | Reference |
| 1257 Jul 1 | Explosion, Pyroclastic flow, Avalanche, Ash, Blocks, Pumice, Caldera, Property damage |
– | 7 | – | Magma wrap around Northwest aream for 400 km2. magma around 33-44km3 and Trachyan Desite Column reached 39-40 km and 38-59 km. |
[1], [2] |
Rinjani is a composite volcano protruding high up at the northern part of Lombok. It is mostly composed of young volcanic rocks. The Rinjani cone (3726 m asl) is the steepest and highest peak in the area, consisting of mostly loose materials with a crater on its summit. To the west of this volcano, there is a caldera containing water which is elliptical in shape and is called Segara.
At the eastern part of Segara Anak Lake, there is a new volcanic cone called Barujari (2376m. asl), whereas to the west of it, there is another volcanic cone called Gunung Rombongan (2110 m asl). Both young volcanic cones are composed of lava flows and loose materials resulted from strombolian eruptions.
Other volcanic cones in the surrounding area are Mt. Kondo (2914 m asl) at the SW part of the calderas, Mt. Sangkareang (2914 m asl.) at the NW part of the calderas, and Mt. Plawangan (2658 m asl.) at the NNE rim of the calderas. In the northeast flank of Rinjani, there is a plateau called Sembalun Lawang, which is located at an elevation of 1000 m above sea level. Compared to the northern flank, the southern flank of Rinjani is more perfectly developed, while at the eastern and western flanks other old volcanic bodies bound the developments of Rinjani [6].
Lombok island is located in the east Sunda arc on the crust of about 20-30km thick [7]. Pleistcone-Holocene volcanic complexes on the island are caused by the northern subduction of Australian plate beneath Eurasian plate [8-9]. Calk-alkaline Quaternary volcanoes develop on the basement of Tertiary sedimentary, volcanic, and intrusive rocks.
The Pengulung Formation (Tomp) is the oldest group of rocks distributed in the southern part, dated to the Late Oligocene-Early Miocene. The Pengulung Formation overlies the Kawangan Formation (Tomk) which is Middle Miocene in age. Both formations were intruded by intrusive rocks composed of dacite and basalt (Tmi) of Middle Miocene age, resulting in alteration and mineralisation of sulphide ores and quartz veins in the intruded rocks.
The two formations are unconformably overlain by the Late Miocene Ekas Formation (Tme). The three formations form the hilly area in southern Lombok. Furthermore, the three old rock units are unconformably overlain by the Lombok Volcanic Rock Group whose age ranges from Late Pliocene to Early Plistocene. The rock group consists of the Kali Palung Formation (TQp) which has the Selayar Member (TQs), Kalibabak Formation (TQb), and Lekopiko Formation (Qvl). The Lombok Volcanic Rock Group is unconformably overlain by Quaternary-aged inseparable volcanic rocks thought to originate from G. Pusuk (Qhvp), G. Nangi (Qhvn) and G. Rinjani (Qhvr). While the youngest rock unit is alluvium (Qa) which occupies the area around the coast [10].
Tectonically, Lombok Island and its surroundings are influenced by the front arc rising fault system (subduction line) in the south and the Flores back arc rising fault system in the north. Likewise, according to Lumbanbatu (1998), the tectonics of Lombok Island is influenced by the South Java subduction line in the south (subduction line), the Flores Back Arc Rise Fault line in the north, the Lombok Strait Fault line in the west and the Alas Strait Fault line in the east. Furthermore, due to these active fault movements, Quaternary to Holocene sedimentary basins were formed in this area, which are bounded by the fault system [11].
Van Bemmelen (1949) interpreted the older basement of Solo Zone as the geanticline of East Java which re-appears in the western part of North Lombok. He suggested that the pattern of Java seems to end in this Island. The development of tectonic activity of Lombok was the result of an uplift, volcanic activity and intrusion. It is inferred that the oldest tectonic activity in Lombok took place in the Oligocene and was later followed by submarine volcanic activity of basaltic andesite composition, resulting in deposition of volcaniclastic rocks of Pengulung and Kawangan Formations. These two formations interfinger each other. The volcanic activity took place until Early Miocene and during Middle Miocene, a postmagmatic-activity occurred in the form of dacite intrusion into the Pengulung and Kawangan Formations [12].
Based on image (JERS-1) and landsat, the fracture dan fault structures show south-east directions, caused by a north-south tectonic compression of Sunda arc (in Java, Bali, Lombok and Flores). This lateral compression is initially formed by simetrical and un-simetry folds and faults, followed by transcurrent faults, which show twin conjugates normal faults. A structural level concept represents the study area is part of upper structural level, having brittle rocks, showed by a ”rose diagram” frequence and a cumulative length of the northwest-southeast fault systems indicating subsurface permeable rocks of Sembalun, Propok and Rinjani volcananics [13].
[1] Volcano.si.edu
[2] Vidal, C. M., Komorowski, J. C., Métrich, N., Pratomo, I., Kartadinata, N., Prambada, O., … & Surono. (2015). Dynamics of the major plinian eruption of Samalas in 1257 AD (Lombok, Indonesia). Bulletin of Volcanology, 77, 1-24.
[3] Abdul-Jabbar, G., Rachmat, H., & Nakagawa, M. (2019). Temporal change of Barujari Volcano magmatic process: Inferred from petrological study of erupted products since AD 1944. In Journal of Physics: Conference Series (Vol. 1363, No. 1, p. 012030). IOP Publishing.
[4] Rachmat, H. (2012). Volcano Tourism of Mt. Rinjani in West Nusa Tenggara Province, Indonesia: a Volcanological and Ecotourism Perspective. Berita Sedimentologi, 25(1), 47-54.
[5] Green rinjani.com
[6] Kusumadinata, K., (1979), Data Dasar Gunungapi Indonesia. Catalogue of References on Indonesian Volcanoes with Eruptions in Historical Time. Direktorat Vulkanologi, p. 424-438.
[7] Curray, J. R., Shor Jr, G. G., Raiit, R. W. and Henry, M., (1977). Seismic refraction and reflection studies of crustal structure of the eastern Sunda and western Banda arcs. J. Geophys. Res., 82: 2479- 2489.
[8] Cardwell, R. K. and Isacks, B. L, (1978). Geometry of the subducted lithosphere beneath the Banda Sea in Eastern Indonesia from seismicity and Fault-plane solutions. J. Geophys, Res, 83: 2825- 2838.
[9] Hamilton, W., (1979). Tectonics of the Indonesia region. U. S. Geological Survey Professional Paper, 1078, 345p.
[10] Suratno, N., (1994). Peta Geologi dan Potensi Bahan Galian Nusa Tenggara Barat Lembar Lombok dan Sumbawa skala 1:250.000, Kanwil Departemen Pertambangan dan Energi Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Barat, Mataram.
[11] Lumbanbatu, U.M., (2004), Studi Potensi Bencana Gempa Bumi Daerah Lombok, Nusa Tenggara Barat, Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Geologi, Bandung
[12] Van Bemmelen, R.W., (1949). The Geology of Indonesia, Vol. IA, General Geology, Martinus Nyhoff Hague
[13] Nasution, A., et al. (2010). Rinjani and Propok Volcanics as a Heat Sources of Geothermal Prospects from Eastern Lombok, Indonesia. Jurnal Geoaplika, Vol: No.5, No:1, 001-009.
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