Mount Lokon
Overview
Tomohon, North Sulawesi
1.358°N
124.792°E
1580 m
5184 ft
Stratovolcano
2015 CE
Literature and Analysis
Eruptive History
Geomorphology
Geological Settings
Structure
Reference
Eruptive History
2015 Aug 30 – 2015 Sep 28
Date | Event Type | Fatalities | VEI (Explosivity Index) | Level | Event Remarks | Reference |
2015 Aug 30 | Ash Plume | – | 2 | – | According to the Darwin VAAC, PVMBG reported that an ash plume rose from Lokon-Empung to an altitude of 3 km. Ash was not identified in satellite images. | [1] |
2015 Aug 30 | Ashfall | – | 2 | – | According to a news account (Jakarta Post), ashfall occurred in Manado (15 km N) to North Minahasa (43 km NE). Another news account (Regional kompas.com) reported that thick volcanic ash covered the runways at Sam Ratulangi Airport in Manado, delaying some flights. | [1] |
2015 Sep 1 – 2015 Sep 30 |
Thermal Anomaly | – | 2 | – | The MIROVA (Middle InfraRed Observation of Volcanic Activity) system detected six hotspots within 5 km of Lokon-Empung during September 2015, two early in the month and four near the end. | [1] |
2015 May 20 – 2015 May 27
Date | Event Type | Fatalities | VEI (Explosivity Index) | Level | Event Remarks | Reference |
2015 May 20 | Ash plume | – | 2 | – | Based on ground observations, the Darwin VAAC reported that an ash plume rose to an altitude of 3 km. PVMBG reported that the eruption at 1520 generated an ash plume that rose 1.5 km and drifted NNW. | [1] |
2015 May 20 | Audible sounds | – | 2 | – | The eruption was accompanied by loud “thumping” noises heard at the local observation post. | [1] |
2015 May 21 – 2015 May 27 |
Ash plume | – | 2 | – | Thick grayish-white plumes rose as high as 150 m. |
[1] |
2012 Sep 15 – 2013 Sep 10
Date | Even Type | Fatalities | VEI (Explosivity Index) |
Level | Event Remarks | Reference |
2012 Sep 1 – 2012 Sep 30 |
Explosion | – | 2 | – | A news article noted that Lokon-Empung had erupted 41 times in September 2012. | [1] |
2012 Sep 15 | Ash Plume | – | 2 | – | According to the Darwin VAAC, ground-based observers reported that an ash plume from Lokon-Empung rose to an altitude of 3 km. Satellite imagery showed an ash plume drifting 185 km SE. | [1] |
2012 Sep 21 | Ash Plume | – | 2 | – | According to the Darwin VAAC, ground-based observers reported that an ash plume rose to an altitude of 3 km. | [1] |
2012 Oct 5 | Explosion | – | 2 | – | A news article noted that Lokon-Empung had erupted three times. | [1] |
2012 Oct 6 | Ash Plume | – | 2 | – | According to the Darwin VAAC, CVGHM reported that an ash plume from Lokon-Empung rose to an altitude of 3.7 km; the plume altitude was determined by wind data. | [1] |
2012 Oct 6 | Thermal Anomaly | – | 2 | – | A thermal anomaly was detected in satellite imagery. | [1] |
2012 Oct 7 | Explosion | – | 2 | – | According to a news article, an eruption at 1405 ejected incandescent tephra as high as 350 m above the crater and generated an ash plume that rose 1.5 km. | [1] |
2012 Oct 7 | Ash Plume | – | 2 | – | According to a news article, an eruption at 1405 ejected incandescent tephra as high as 350 m above the crater and generated an ash plume that rose 1.5 km. | [1] |
2012 Oct 7 | Incandescent ejecta | – | 2 | – | According to a news article, an eruption at 1405 ejected incandescent tephra as high as 350 m above the crater and generated an ash plume that rose 1.5 km. | [1] |
2012 Oct 7 | Audible Sounds | – | 2 | – | Thunderous sounds were heard nearly 6 km away. | [1] |
2012 Nov 11 | Ash Plume | – | 2 | – | Based on a SIGMET, the Darwin VAAC reported that an ash plume rose to an altitude of 1.5 km. | [1] |
2012 Nov 28 | Explosion | – | 2 | – | According to the Darwin VAAC, CVGHM reported that an eruption produced an ash plume that rose to an altitude of 4.9 km. | [1] |
2012 Nov 28 | Ash Plume | – | 2 | – | According to the Darwin VAAC, CVGHM reported that an eruption produced an ash plume that rose to an altitude of 4.9 km. | [1] |
2012 Dec 6 | Explosion | – | 2 | – | Based on information from CVGHM and the WAAA MWO (in Ujung Pandang,Indonesia), the Darwin VAAC reported that an eruption produced an ash plume that rose to an altitude of 3.4 km and drifted S. | [1] |
2012 Dec 6 | Ash Plume | – | 2 | – | Based on information from CVGHM and the WAAA MWO (in Ujung Pandang,Indonesia), the Darwin VAAC reported that an eruption produced an ash plume that rose to an altitude of 3.4 km and drifted S. | [1] |
2012 Dec 6 | Ashfall | – | 2 | – | Lokon emitted a billowing ash plume that produced ash that fell mostly on the SE flank. | [1] |
2012 Dec 10 | Ash Plume | – | 2 | – | A plume rose to an altitude of 4.3 km. | [1] |
2012 Dec 17 | Ash Plume | – | 2 | – | Based on ground reports from CVGHM, the Darwin VAAC reported ash plumes. | [1] |
2013 Jan 2 – 2013 Jan 8 |
Ash Plume | – | 2 | – | Based on ground reports from CVGHM, the Darwin VAAC reported that ash plumes rose to an altitude of 2.4 km. | [1] |
2013 Jan 15 – 2013 Jan 16 |
Ash Plume | – | 2 | – | Based on reports from CVGHM and ASHTAMs (a special NOTAM for volcanic ash), the Darwin VAAC reported that ash plumes rose to altitudes of 3.7-4.5 km. | [1] |
2013 Jan 31 | Explosion | – | 2 | – | According to news articles, Lokon-Empung erupted twice, producing an ash plume that rose 800 m after the first eruption. Seismicity had increased the day before. | [1] |
2013 Jan 31 | Ash Plume | – | 2 | – | According to news articles, Lokon-Empung erupted twice, producing an ash plume that rose 800 m after the first eruption. | [1] |
2013 Feb 2 | Explosion | – | 2 | – | The head of the Lokon observation post reported that nine eruptions had occurred on 2 February. | [1] |
2013 Feb 3 | Explosion | – | 2 | – | The CVGHM reported that a significant explosion occurred which produced an ash plume that rose to 3-4 km and drifted S and SW. | [1] |
2013 Feb 3 | Ash Plume | – | 2 | – | Based on a ground report from CVGHM, the Darwin VAAC reported that an ash plume rose to an altitude of 4 km. | [1] |
2013 Feb 4 | Thermal Anomaly | – | 2 | – | Two MODVOLC thermal alerts were issued. | [1] |
2013 Feb 9 | Seismicity (volcanic) | – | 2 | – | CVGHM observers at the Kakaskasen Volcano Observatory (KKVO) in North Sulawesi, Indonesia reported increased seismic unrest. | [1] |
2013 Feb 12 | Explosion | – | 2 | – | Lokon erupted. Seismicity remained elevated and small explosions occurred frequently. | [1] |
2013 Mar 20 | Explosion | – | 2 | – | According to a news article, an eruption occurred at 0757, producing an ash plume that rose 2 km above the crater. | [1] |
2013 Mar 20 | Ash Plume | – | 2 | – | According to a news article, an eruption occurred at 0757, producing an ash plume that rose 2 km above the crater. The plume consisted of dark brown and black ash from the Tompaluan crater, and was easily visible from Manado. | [1] |
2013 Mar 20 | Audible Sounds | – | 2 | – | The explosion was heard up to 6 km from the volcano. | [1] |
2013 Mar 25 | Explosion | – | 2 | – | A series of 3 moderately large explosions occurred that was followed by minor ash emissions. | [1] |
2013 Mar 25 | Ash Plume | – | 2 | – | A series of 3 moderately large explosions occurred that was followed by minor ash emissions. | [1] |
2013 Mar 26 | Explosion | – | 2 | – | Mount Lokon erupted from the Tompaluan crater with ash plumes rising up to about 2 km above the vent. | [1] |
2013 Mar 26 | Ash Plume | – | 2 | – | Mount Lokon erupted from the Tompaluan crater with ash plumes rising up to about 2 km above the vent. | [1] |
2013 Mar 26 | Ashfall | – | 2 | – | Three villages in the area, Dalian, Wadena, and Walloon, were covered in ash from the eruption. | [1] |
2013 Mar 26 | Audible Sounds | – | 2 | – | Residents heard a loud boom after the eruption. | [1] |
2013 Apr 2 | Seismicity (volcanic) | – | 2 | – | Seismicity increased. | [1] |
2013 Apr 3 | Explosion | – | 2 | – | Based on both CVGHM and ground reports, the Darwin VAAC reported that an eruption produced an ash plume that rose to altitudes of 3-3.4 km and drifted S and SE. | [1] |
2013 Apr 3 | Ash Plume | – | 2 | – | Based on both CVGHM and ground reports, the Darwin VAAC reported that an eruption produced an ash plume that rose to altitudes of 3-3.4 km and drifted S and SE. | [1] |
2013 Apr 4 | Explosion | – | 2 | – | Explosions occurred. Volcanic ash plumes reached 700 m above the crater and were blown to the S. | [1] |
2013 Apr 4 | Ash Plume | – | 2 | – | Explosions occurred. Volcanic ash plumes reached 700 m above the crater and were blown to the S. | [1] |
2013 Apr 8 | Seismicity (volcanic) | – | 2 | – | The volcano observatory recorded that the eruption was preceded by a strong increase in seismicity. | [1] |
2013 Apr 8 | Explosion | – | 2 | – | [1] | |
2013 Apr 8 | Ash Plume | – | 2 | – | An ash plume rose to an altitude of 4.6 km and drifted SW. | [1] |
2013 Apr 8 | Ash Plume | – | 2 | – | After the main eruption, the volcano continued to erupt ash. | [1] |
2013 Apr 8 | Audible Sounds | – | 2 | – | The eruption was heard up to 6 km away. | [1] |
2013 Apr 11 | Ash Plume | – | 2 | – | Based on both web-camera views and ground reports, the Darwin VAAC reported that an ash plume rose to an altitude of 4.6 km and drifted SW. | [1] |
2013 Apr 14 | Explosion | – | 2 | – | A large eruption occurred. The explosion produced an ash plume about 4 km high, and strong vibrations were felt up to 5 km from the volcano. | [1] |
2013 Apr 14 | Ash Plume | – | 2 | – | A large eruption occurred. The explosion produced an ash plume about 4 km high, and strong vibrations were felt up to 5 km from the volcano. | [1] |
2013 Apr 14 | Audible Sounds | – | 2 | – | A large eruption occurred . The explosion produced an ash plume ~4 km high, and strong vibrations were felt up to 5 km from the volcano. | [1] |
2013 Jul 5 | Thermal Anomaly | – | 2 | – | Two MODVOLC thermal alerts were issued. | [1] |
2013 Sep 9 | Explosion | – | 2 | – | According to a news article an explosion at 0630 generated an ash plume that rose 1.5 km; the explosion was heard 10 km away. | [1] |
2013 Sep 9 | Explosion | – | 2 | – | Ash plume to 1.8 km altitude | [1] |
2013 Sep 9 | Ash Plume | – | 2 | – | Based on ground reports from CVGHM, the Darwin VAAC reported that an ash plume rose to an altitude of 1.8 km and drifted N. According to a news article an explosion at 0630 generated an ash plume that rose 1.5 km. | [1] |
2013 Sep 9 | Audible Sounds | – | 2 | – | According to a news article an explosion at 0630 generated an ash plume that rose 1.5 km; the explosion was heard 10 km away. | [1] |
2013 Sep 10 | Ash Plume | – | 2 | – | The Darwin VAAC noted that ash plumes rose to an altitude of 2.4 km. | [1] |
2011 Jun 26 – 2012 May 2
Date | Even Type | Fatalities | VEI (Explosivity Index) |
Level | Event Remarks | Reference |
2011 Jun 26 | Phreatic activity | – | 2 | – | A phreatic eruption ejected material that fell around the crater and produced a gray plume that rose 400 m above the crater rim and drifted N. | [1] |
2011 Jun 26 | Ash Plume | – | 2 | – | A phreatic eruption produced a gray plume that rose 400 m above the crater rim and drifted N. | [1] |
2011 Jun 26 | Ashfall | – | 2 | – | A phreatic eruption ejected material that fell around the crater. | [1] |
2011 Jun 28 – 2011 Jul 10 |
Ash Plume | – | 2 | – | Gray ash plumes rose 100-500 m above the crater. | [1] |
2011 Jul 11 | Ash Plume | – | 2 | – | The Darwin VAAC reported that ash plumes detected in satellite imagery rose to an altitude of 1.5 km and drifted NW. | [1] |
2011 Jul 11 – 2011 Jul 12 |
Evacuations | – | 2 | – | According to news articles, close to 1,000 residents were evacuated from the area. | [1] |
2011 Jul 14 – 2011 Jul 15 |
Explosion | – | 2 | – | Three eruptions from Tompaluan crater, in the saddle between the Lokon-Empung peaks, ejected lava and ash, and caused forest fires on the W flank. | [1] |
2011 Jul 14 – 2011 Jul 15 |
Ash Plume | – | 2 | – | Three eruptions from Tompaluan crater, in the saddle between the Lokon-Empung peaks, ejected lava and ash, and caused forest fires on the W flank. HOPE Worldwide, a non-profit non-governmental organization, issued a report stating that at 2331 on the 14 July Lokon erupted and sent lava, ash, and gases 1.5 km over the summit. “No death is yet to be reported due to the eruption, but there are 4,412 persons displaced in the Tomohon city, just south of Manado city, the capital of North Sulawesi Province.” Displaced residents went to schools and a city park. | [1] |
2011 Jul 14 – 2011 Jul 15 |
Incandescent ejecta | – | 2 | – | Three eruptions from Tompaluan crater, in the saddle between the Lokon-Empung peaks, ejected lava and ash, and caused forest fires on the W flank. | [1] |
2011 Jul 14 – 2011 Jul 15 |
Evacuations | – | 2 | – | A local mayor noted that 6,000 people were in shelters and one person had died from a heart attack while evacuating. Other articles stated that 5,200 people had evacuated. HOPE Worldwide, a non-profit non-governmental organization, issued a report on 15 July 2011 stating that at 2331 on the 14 July Lokon erupted and sent lava, ash, and gases 1.5 km over the summit. “No death is yet to be reported due to the eruption, but there are 4,412 persons displaced in the Tomohon city, just south of Manado city, the capital of North Sulawesi Province.” Displaced residents went to schools and a city park. | [1] |
2011 Jul 17 – 2011 Jul 18 |
Explosion | – | 2 | – | Explosions produced ash plumes that rose 0.6-3.5 km above the crater. | [1] |
2011 Jul 17 – 2011 Jul 18 |
Ash Plume | – | 2 | – | Explosions produced ash plumes that rose 0.6-3.5 km above the crater. | [1] |
2011 Jul 20 – 2011 Jul 21 |
Seismicity (volcanic) | – | 2 | – | According to the Center of Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation (CVGHM), seismicity and visual observations of Tompaluan crater in the saddle between the twin peaks of Lokon and Empung indicated that activity continued to be high. | [1] |
2011 Jul 20 – 2011 Jul 21 |
Explosion | – | 2 | – | According to the Center of Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation (CVGHM) seismicity and visual observations of Tompaluan crater in the saddle between the twin peaks of Lokon and Empung indicated that activity continued to be high. | [1] |
2011 Aug 28 – 2011 Aug 29 |
Explosion | – | 2 | – | Lokon erupted 12 times on 28 August. One explosion on 29 August ejected material 250 m above the crater. | [1] |
2011 Aug 28 – 2011 Aug 29 |
Incandescent ejecta | – | 2 | – | Lokon erupted 12 times on 28 August. One explosion on 29 August ejected material 250 m above the crater. | [1] |
2011 Oct 10 | Ash Plume | – | 2 | – | CVGHM reported that white and gray plumes rose 100-300 m above Tompaluan crater. | [1] |
2011 Oct 11 | Ash Plume | – | 2 | – | The Darwin VAAC reported that an ash plume rose to an altitude of 2.1 km. | [1] |
2011 Oct 26 | Ash Plume | – | 2 | – | According to a news article, a gray plume rose 1.2 km above Tompaluan crater, in the saddle between the Lokon-Empung peaks, and drifted SW. A second eruption produced a plume that rose 500 m above the crater. | [1] |
2011 Oct 26 | Incandescent ejecta | – | 2 | – | According to a news article, an explosion sent incandescent material as far as 800 m away from Tompaluan crater. | [1] |
2011 Oct 26 | Blocks | – | 2 | – | According to a news article an explosion sent incandescent material as far as 800 m away from Tompaluan crater. | [1] |
2011 Nov 7 | Explosion | – | 2 | – | A small eruption was reported. | [1] |
2011 Dec 27 – 2011 Dec 28 |
Explosion | – | 2 | – | Three explosions from the Tompaluan crater, in the saddle between the Lokon-Empung peaks were recorded by the CVGHM. The Darwin VAAC reported a low-level eruption on 27 December based on media reports that rose to 1.5 km altitude. | [1] |
2011 Dec 29 | Ash Plume | – | 2 | – | The Darwin VAAC reported that an ash plume rose to an altitude of 3.7 km. | [1] |
2012 Jan 6 | Ash Plume | – | 2 | – | The Darwin VAAC reported an ash plume that rose to 1.5 km altitude. | [1] |
2012 Feb 10 | Explosion | – | 2 | – | According to news articles, an explosion from the Tompaluan crater, in the saddle between the Lokon-Empung peaks, produced an ash plume that rose as high as 2 km above the crater. | [1] |
2012 Feb 10 – 2012 Feb 12 |
Ash Plume | – | 2 | – | According to news articles, an explosion from the Tompaluan crater, in the saddle between the Lokon-Empung peaks, produced an ash plume that rose as high as 2 km above the crater. Based on information from CVGHM, the Darwin VAAC reported ash plumes that rose to altitudes of 3-3.4 km, though clouds prevented the detection of ash in satellite imagery. | [1] |
2012 Feb 10 | Audible Sounds | – | 2 | – | According to news articles loud “thumping” noises were heard. | [1] |
2012 Feb 21 | Explosion | – | 2 | – | Explosions from the crater produced ash plumes. | [1] |
2012 Apr 24 | Audible Sounds | – | 2 | – | An eruption was accompanied by loud “thumping” noises heard at local observation posts; fog prevented views of the crater. | [1] |
2012 Apr 25 | Blocks | – | 2 | – | Satellite observations showed ash and block deposits from the previous day’s eruption scattered to the N and E of Tompaluan crater out to a distance of ~400 m from the crater rim. | [1] |
2012 May 1 | Ash Plume | – | 2 | – | According to the Darwin VAAC, ash plumes that rose to an altitude of 3.7 km and drifted 75 km N, were detected in satellite imagery and reported by ground-based observers. | [1] |
2012 May 2 | Explosion | – | 2 | – | The Jakarta Post reported that Lokon-Empung erupted at 1155. This eruption was larger in magnitude than the one on 24-25 April 2012. The eruption was preceded by a number of mild earthquakes that occurred over a span of 2 min. A report noted that “smoke” plumes reached an altitude of 2.5 km. | [1] |
2012 May 2 | Ash Plume | – | 2 | – | The Jakarta Post reported that Lokon-Empung erupted at 1155. A report noted that “smoke” plumes reached an altitude of 2.5 km. | [1] |
2011 Feb 22
Date | Even Type | Fatalities | VEI (Explosivity Index) |
Level | Event Remarks | Reference |
2011 Feb 22 | Explosion | – | 1 | – | A phreatic eruption from Tompaluan crater, in the saddle between the Lokon-Empung peaks, produced an ash plume that rose 400 m above the crater rim and drifted SE. | [1] |
2011 Feb 22 | Phreatic activity | – | 1 | – | A phreatic eruption from Tompaluan crater was possibly triggered by high rainfall. It produced an ash plume that rose 400 m. | [1] |
2011 Feb 22 | Ash Plume | – | 1 | – | A phreatic eruption from Tompaluan crater, in the saddle between the Lokon-Empung peaks, produced an ash plume that rose 400 m above the crater rim and drifted SE. | [1] |
2003 Sep 12
Date | Event Type | Fatalities | VEI (Explosivity Index) | Level | Event Remarks | Reference |
2003 Sep 12 | Explosion, Ash, Earthquakes |
– | 3 | – | – | [1] |
2002 Dec 23 – 2003 Apr 1
Date | Event Type | Fatalities | VEI (Explosivity Index) | Level | Event Remarks | Reference |
2002 Dec 23 – 2003 Apr 1 |
Explosion, Ash, Earthquakes, Seismicity |
– | 2 | – | – | [1] |
2002 Feb 9 – 2002 May 16
Date | Event Type | Fatalities | VEI (Explosivity Index) | Level | Event Remarks | Reference |
2002 Feb 9 – 2002 May 16 |
Explosion, Ash, Earthquakes, Seismicity |
– | 2 | – | – | [1] |
2000 May 10 – 2001 Aug 18
Date | Event Type | Fatalities | VEI (Explosivity Index) | Level | Event Remarks | Reference |
2000 May 10 – 2001 Aug 18 |
Explosion, Ash, Earthquakes, Seismicity, Lava fountains |
– | 2 | – | – | [1] |
1991 May 17 – 1992 Jan 16
Date | Event Type | Fatalities | VEI (Explosivity Index) | Level | Event Remarks | Reference |
1991 May 17 – 1992 Jan 16 |
Explosion, Ash, Earthquakes, Seismicity, Lava flow, Pyroclastic flow |
– | 3 | – | – | [1] |
1988 Apr 21 – 1988 May 1
Date | Event Type | Fatalities | VEI (Explosivity Index) | Level | Event Remarks | Reference |
1988 Apr 21 – 1988 May 1 | Explosion, Ash |
– | 2 | – | – | [1] |
1986 Mar 22 – 1987 May 13
Date | Event Type | Fatalities | VEI (Explosivity Index) | Level | Event Remarks | Reference |
1986 Mar 22 – 1987 May 13 | Explosion, Ash, Earthquakes, mudflow, phreatic activity, property damage, bombs |
– | 2 | – | – | [1] |
1975 Nov 16 – 1980 Jul 2
Date | Event Type | Fatalities | VEI (Explosivity Index) | Level | Event Remarks | Reference |
1975 Nov 16 – 1980 Jul 2 | Explosion, Ash, Earthquakes, pyroclastic flow, lava dome, audible sounds |
– | 2 | – | – | [1] |
1973 Sep 15 – 1974 Dec 16
Date | Event Type | Fatalities | VEI (Explosivity Index) | Level | Event Remarks | Reference |
1973 Sep 15 | Explosion, Ash |
– | 1 | – | – | [1] |
1971 May 11 – 1971 Oct 26
Date | Event Type | Fatalities | VEI (Explosivity Index) | Level | Event Remarks | Reference |
1971 May 11 | Explosion, Ash, lava dome, audible sounds |
– | 2 | – | – | [1] |
1969 Nov 27 – 1970 Dec 26
Date | Event Type | Fatalities | VEI (Explosivity Index) | Level | Event Remarks | Reference |
1969 Nov 27 – 1970 Dec 26 | Explosion, Ash, eruption cloud, pyroclastic flow, lahar, bombs, mud, seismicity |
– | 2 | – | – | [1] |
1966 Sep 24 – 1966 Sep 30
Date | Event Type | Fatalities | VEI (Explosivity Index) | Level | Event Remarks | Reference |
1966 Sep 24 – 1966 Sep 30 | Explosion, Ash |
– | 2 | – | – | [1] |
1965 Jul 10
Date | Event Type | Fatalities | VEI (Explosivity Index) | Level | Event Remarks | Reference |
1965 Jul 10 | Explosion, Ash |
– | 2 | – | – | [1] |
1963 Dec 17 – 1964 Apr 16
Date | Event Type | Fatalities | VEI (Explosivity Index) | Level | Event Remarks | Reference |
1963 Dec 17 | Explosion, eruption cloud, ash |
– | 2 | – | – | [1] |
1962 Apr 16 – 1962 Nov 16
Date | Event Type | Fatalities | VEI (Explosivity Index) | Level | Event Remarks | Reference |
1962 Apr 16 | Phreatic activity | – | 1 | – | – | [1] |
1961 May 19 – 1961 Dec 16
Date | Event Type | Fatalities | VEI (Explosivity Index) | Level | Event Remarks | Reference |
1961 May 19 – 1961 Dec 16 | Explosion, Ash |
– | 2 | – | – | [1] |
1958 Feb 19 – 1959 Dec 23
Date | Event Type | Fatalities | VEI (Explosivity Index) | Level | Event Remarks | Reference |
1958 Feb 19 – 1959 Dec 23 | Explosion, Ash, eruption cloud, pyroclastic flow, lava dome, bombs, audible sounds, lapilli, property damage |
– | 2 | – | – | [1] |
1951 Jul 2 – 1953 Mar 16
Date | Event Type | Fatalities | VEI (Explosivity Index) | Level | Event Remarks | Reference |
1951 Jul 2 – 1953 Mar 16 | Explosion, Ash, eruption cloud, pyroclastic flow, lava dome, bombs, flame, seismicity, property damage |
– | 3 | – | – | [1] |
1949 Sep 14
Date | Event Type | Fatalities | VEI (Explosivity Index) | Level | Event Remarks | Reference |
1949 Sep 14 | Phreatic activity | – | 1 | – | – | [1] |
1942 Sep 3
Date | Event Type | Fatalities | VEI (Explosivity Index) | Level | Event Remarks | Reference |
1942 Sep 3 | Explosion, Ash |
– | 2 | – | – | [1] |
1930 Aug
Date | Event Type | Fatalities | VEI (Explosivity Index) | Level | Event Remarks | Reference |
1930 Aug | Explosion, phreatic activity |
– | 2 | – | – | [1] |
1893 Mar 29 – 1894 Aug 14
Date | Event Type | Fatalities | VEI (Explosivity Index) | Level | Event Remarks | Reference |
1893 Mar 29 | Explosion | – | 2 | – | – | [1] |
1829 Mar
Date | Event Type | Fatalities | VEI (Explosivity Index) | Level | Event Remarks | Reference |
1829 Mar | Explosion, crater |
– | 2 | – | – | [1] |
1775
Date | Event Type | Fatalities | VEI (Explosivity Index) | Level | Event Remarks | Reference |
1775 | Explosion, property damage, fatalities |
– | 3 | – | – | [1] |
1375
Date | Event Type | Fatalities | VEI (Explosivity Index) | Level | Event Remarks | Reference |
1375 | Explosion | – | 3 | – | – | [1] |
Geomorphology
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Geological Settings
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Structure
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Reference
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