Mount Krakatau
Overview
South Lampung, Lampung
6.1009°S
105.4233°E
285 m
935 ft
2023 CE
Literature and Analysis
Eruptive History
Geomorphology
Geological Feature
Reference
Eruptive History
2022 Feb 3 – 2023 Dec 20
| Date | Event Type | Fatalities | VEI | Event Remarks | Reference |
| 2022 Apr 23 | Plume | 2 | [1] |
2021 May 25 – 2021 Nov 7
| Date | Event Type | Fatalities | VEI | Event Remarks | Reference |
| 2021 May 25 | Plume | 2 | [1] |
2018 Jun 18 – 2020 Apr 17
| Date | Event Type | Fatalities | VEI | Event Remarks | Reference |
| 2018 Jun 21 | Plume | ~3 | [1] | ||
| 2018 Jul 19 | Incandescene ejecta | ~3 | [1] | ||
| 2018 Aug 4 | Lava flow and Bombs | ~3 | [1] | ||
| 2018 Sep 8 | Plume | ~3 | 4,9 km altitude. | [1] | |
| 2018 Dec 22 | Tsunam | ~3 | [1] | ||
| 2018 Dec 22 | Tsunami | 400 | ~3 | [1] | |
| 2018 Dec 27 | Plume | ~3 | 7 km. | [1] |
2017 Feb 17 – 2017 Feb 19
| Date | Event Type | Fatalities | VEI | Event Remarks | Reference |
| 2017 Feb 17 | Lava flow | 1 | [1] | ||
| 2017 Feb 19 | Blocks | 1 | [1] |
2014 Mar 31 – 2014 Mar 31
| Date | Event Type | Fatalities | VEI | Event Remarks | Reference |
| 2014 Mar 31 | Plume | 1 | 3 km altitude from Darwin VAAC Report. Drifted to N | [1] |
2013 Oct 31 – 2013 Oct 31
| Date | Event Type | Fatalities | VEI | Event Remarks | Reference |
| 2013 Oct 31 | Plume | 1 | [1] |
2013 Mar 11 – 2013 Mar 29
| Date | Event Type | Fatalities | VEI | Event Remarks | Reference |
| 2013 Mar 11 | Eruptive Activity on E flank | 1 | Gas Emission reached 300-400m above the summit. | [1] | |
| 2013 Mar 28 | Pyroclastic Flow | 1 | . Pyroclastic down to N flank | [1] | |
| 2013 Mar 29 | Pyroclastic Flow | 1 | . Pyroclastic down 100 m to S flank | [1] |
2012 Aug 30 – 2012 Oct 6
| Date | Event Type | Fatalities | VEI | Event Remarks | Reference |
| 2012 Sep 2 | 2 | [1] | |||
| 2012 Sep 2 | Incandescene Ejecta | 2 | Lava Ejected 200-300m above the crater. | [1] | |
| 2012 Sep 3 | 2 | [1] | |||
| 2012 Sep 3 | Plume, Ashfall, and Lava flow and Bombs | 2 | Plume reached 2,4-4,3 km based on Darwin Satelite. Plume drifted 35-95 km to N | [1] | |
| 2012 Oct 6 | Incandescene Ejecta | 2 | [1] |
2012 Feb 4 – 2012 Jun 3
| Date | Event Type | Fatalities | VEI | Event Remarks | Reference |
| 2012 Feb 1 | Lava dome | 2 | [1] | ||
| 2012 Apr 1 | Incandescene | 2 | [1] | ||
| 2012 Apr 7 | 2 | [1] | |||
| 2012 Apr 7 | Small erption on S part of the crater | 2 | [1] |
2011 May 17 – 2011 Nov 27
| Date | Event Type | Fatalities | VEI | Event Remarks | Reference |
| 2011 Jun 25 | 2 | [1] | |||
| 2011 Jun 25 | 2 | [1] | |||
| 2011 Jun 25 | 2 | [1] | |||
| 2011 Jun 25 | Incandescene Ejeccta, Bombs | 2 | [1] | ||
| 2011 Jul 10 | 2 | [1] | |||
| 2011 Jul 31 | Plume | 2 | [1] | ||
| 2011 Aug 8 | Incandescene | 2 | [1] | ||
| 2011 Sep 6 | 2 | [1] | |||
| 2011 Sep 6 | Lava fountain | 2 | [1] | ||
| 2011 Nov 12 | 2 | [1] | |||
| 2011 Nov 12 | Incandescene Ejecta and Bombs | 2 | [1] |
2010 Oct 25 – 2011 Mar 9
| Date | Event Type | Fatalities | VEI | Event Remarks | Reference |
| 2010 Oct – 2011 Jan 5 | Tephra | 2 | [1] | ||
| 2010 Nov | 2 | [1] | |||
| 2010 Nov 17 | Plume | 2 | [1] | ||
| 2010 Dec 24 | 2 | [1] | |||
| 2010 Dec 24 | Plume | 2 | 2,4 km altitude. Drifted 65-75 km to E | [1] | |
| 2011 Jan 1 | Ashfall | 2 | [1] | ||
| 2011 Jan 12 | Plume | 2 | 2,4 km altitude. Drifted 20 km to E | [1] | |
| 2011 Jan 15 | Plume | 2 | 3 km altitude. Drifted 18-28 km to E | [1] |
2009 Mar 25 (?) – 2009 Sep 16
| Date | Event Type | Fatalities | VEI | Event Remarks | Reference |
| 2009 Mar 25 | Explosion, Lava Flow | 2 | [1] | ||
| 2009 Apr | Ash, Blocks | 2 | [1] |
2007 Oct 23 – 2008 Aug 30
| Date | Event Type | Fatalities | VEI | Event Remarks | Reference |
| 2007 Oct 23 | 2 | [1] |
2001 Jul 21 – 2001 Sep 17
| Date | Event Type | Fatalities | VEI | Event Remarks | Reference |
| 2001 Jul 21 | 1 | [1] |
2000 May 29 – 2000 Oct 30
| Date | Event Type | Fatalities | VEI | Event Remarks | Reference |
| 2000 May 29 | 1 | [1] |
1999 Feb 5 – 1999 Aug 16
| Date | Event Type | Fatalities | VEI | Event Remarks | Reference |
| 1999 Feb | Ash and Glowing ejecta on 11 Feb | 2 | Ash 1000m above the Summit (5 Feb), Ash reached 100-300m above the summit (10 and 14 Feb). | [1] |
1997 Mar 16 (in or before) ± 15 days – 1997 May 16
| Date | Event Type | Fatalities | VEI | Event Remarks | Reference |
| 1997 Mar | 2 | [1] |
1996 Jul 16 (in or before) ± 15 days – 1996 Oct 16
| Date | Event Type | Fatalities | VEI | Event Remarks | Reference |
| 1996 | Bombs and Plume (Jul-Aug). Lava fountain (Oct) | 2 | Quantas Airport Pilot Report thick plume observed 3700m height on Sep. Boombs reached to N and NE coaslines. Lava flows reached W coastlines (Jul-Aug) | [1] |
1994 Mar 19 – 1995 Jun 16
| Date | Event Type | Fatalities | VEI | Event Remarks | Reference |
| 1994 Mar – Aug | Flames glowing lavas and Volcanic Material | 2 | Thick black ash rose to 300m. Ejected lava 200m (5 May). Column reached 150-500 m from the summit in early Aug. Material were rejected to 3000m radius around the crater | [1] |
1992 Nov 7 – 1993 Oct 16
| Date | Event Type | Fatalities | VEI | Event Remarks | Reference |
| 1992 -1993 | Incandescene Lava | One person killed on Jun 1993 | 1 | Incandescene lava was ejected to 100-150m high and Ash reached 400-500m. Lava down to SE and NE flank | [1] |
1988 Feb 14 ± 5 days – 1988 Apr 16
| Date | Event Type | Fatalities | VEI | Event Remarks | Reference |
| 1988 Feb | Lava and Ash | 2 | Color darkened Plume hundreds meter above the crater (28 Feb). | [1] | |
| 1988 Apr | Plume | 2 | Plume reached 100-600m. | [1] |
1981 Apr 24 – 1981 Oct 20
| Date | Event Type | Fatalities | VEI | Event Remarks | Reference |
| 1981 Apr – October | Ash and Blocks | 1 | . Ash fall around 2 km of W side Krakatoa | [1] |
1980 Mar 15 ± 5 days – 1980 Dec 16
| Date | Event Type | Fatalities | VEI | Event Remarks | Reference |
| 1980 Mar 15 ± 5 days | Incandescene, Lava, and Ash | 2 | [1] |
1979 Jul 15 ± 5 days – 1979 Nov 16
| Date | Event Type | Fatalities | VEI | Event Remarks | Reference |
| 1979 Jul | Ash and Lava | 2 | Ash were rejected to 200m. Jul Ash covering around 700m area around the crater and lava reached the coast 450m away | [1] | |
| 1979 Sep | Bombs, Ash, Incadescene | 2 | Cloud rose 200 m from the SW Vent, 300 from the mid Vent (5 Sep) Ash reached 2000m above the sea level(10 and 11 Sep). Incadescene Bombs covering 1000m around the vent (5 Sep), Covering the area around 1200m (6 Sep), Ash blow to WNW (10-11), ashfall in W coast (12 Sep) | [1] |
1978 Jul 10 – 1978 Nov 16
1975 Mar 27 – 1975 Oct 26
| Date | Event Type | Fatalities | VEI | Event Remarks | Reference |
| 1975 Mar 27 | Lava | 2 | [1] |
1972 Jun 10 ± 3 days – 1973 Jul 1
| Date | Event Type | Fatalities | VEI | Event Remarks | Reference |
| 1972 Jun 10 ± 3 days | Lapili, Ash, and Lava | 2 | [1] |
1965 Jul 2
| Date | Event Type | Fatalities | VEI | Event Remarks | Reference |
| 1965 | Lava flows | 1 | [1] |
1959 Dec 16 ± 15 days – 1963 Jul 2
| Date | Event Type | Fatalities | VEI | Event Remarks | Reference |
| 1959 Dec | Lava, Ash, and Blocks | 2 | [1] |
1958 Oct 2 – 1959 Jun 25
| Date | Event Type | Fatalities | VEI | Event Remarks | Reference |
| 1958 Oct 2 | Ash and Blocks | 2 | [1] |
1955 Feb 11
| Date | Event Type | Fatalities | VEI | Event Remarks | Reference |
| 1955 Feb 11 | Ash | 2 | [1] |
1953 Sep 21 – 1953 Nov 25
| Date | Event Type | Fatalities | VEI | Event Remarks | Reference |
| 1953 Sep 21 | Ash, Flames,a and Bombs | 2 | [1] |
1953 Mar 17 – 1953 May 1
| Date | Event Type | Fatalities | VEI | Event Remarks | Reference |
| 1953 Mar 17 | Eruption Cloud | 2 | [1] |
1952 Oct 10 – 1952 Oct 11
| Date | Event Type | Fatalities | VEI | Event Remarks | Reference |
| 1952 Oct 10 | Ash | 2 | [1] |
1950 Jul 3 – 1950 Jul 7
| Date | Event Type | Fatalities | VEI | Event Remarks | Reference |
| 1950 Jul 3 | Ash | 2 | [1] |
1949 May 12
| Date | Event Type | Fatalities | VEI | Event Remarks | Reference |
| 1949 May 12 | Explosion | 2 | [1] |
1946 Dec 26 ± 5 days – 1947 Aug 7
| Date | Event Type | Fatalities | VEI | Event Remarks | Reference |
| 1946 Dec 26 ± 5 days | Explosion | 2 | [1] |
1946 Jul 25 – 1946 Jul 25
| Date | Event Type | Fatalities | VEI | Event Remarks | Reference |
| 1946 Jul 25 | Explosion | 1 | [1] |
1945
| Date | Event Type | Fatalities | VEI | Event Remarks | Reference |
| 1945 | Explosion | 2 | [1] |
1944
| Date | Event Type | Fatalities | VEI | Event Remarks | Reference |
| 1944 | Explosion | 2 | [1] |
1943
| Date | Event Type | Fatalities | VEI | Event Remarks | Reference |
| 1943 | Explosion | 2 | [1] |
1942 Jan 29 – 1942 Jan 30
| Date | Event Type | Fatalities | VEI | Event Remarks | Reference |
| 1942 Jan 29 | Explosion | 2 | [1] |
1941 Jan 28 – 1941 Feb 12
| Date | Event Type | Fatalities | VEI | Event Remarks | Reference |
| 1941 Jan 28 | Explosion | 2 | [1] |
1938 Jul 4 – 1940 Jul 2
| Date | Event Type | Fatalities | VEI | Event Remarks | Reference |
| 1938 Jul 4 | Explosion, Phreatic activity | 3 | [1] |
1937 Aug 6 – 1937 Nov 23
| Date | Event Type | Fatalities | VEI | Event Remarks | Reference |
| 1937 Aug 6 | Explosion | 2 | [1] |
1936 Oct 13 – 1936 Nov
| Date | Event Type | Fatalities | VEI | Event Remarks | Reference |
| 1936 Oct 13 | Explosion | 1 | [1] |
1935 Jan 4 – 1935 Jul 12
| Date | Event Type | Fatalities | VEI | Event Remarks | Reference |
| 1935 Jan 4 | Explosion, Phreatic activity | 2 | [1] |
1932 Nov 14 – 1934 Jun 9
| Date | Event Type | Fatalities | VEI | Event Remarks | Reference |
| 1932 Nov 14 | Explosion | 3 | [1] |
1931 Sep 23 – 1932 Feb 17
| Date | Event Type | Fatalities | VEI | Event Remarks | Reference |
| 1931 Sep 23 | Lapili and Ash | 2 | [1] |
1927 Dec 29 – 1930 Aug 15
| Date | Event Type | Fatalities | VEI | Event Remarks | Reference |
| 1927 Dec 29 | Pyroclastic and Ash | 2 | [1] |
1883 May 20 – 1883 Oct 21
| Date | Event Type | Fatalities | VEI | Event Remarks | Reference |
| 1883 | Pyrocrastic Flows, Ashfall, Pumice | 36500 | 6 | 25 km. Rock unit fall on Rakata, Panjang, and Sertun Island. Tsunami reached the shores of Sunda Strait | [1][2][3][4] |
1684 Feb 1
| Date | Event Type | Fatalities | VEI | Event Remarks | Reference |
| 1684 Feb 1 | Ash and Incandescene | 3 | [1] |
1680 May – 1681 Nov 19
| Date | Event Type | Fatalities | VEI | Event Remarks | Reference |
| 1680 May | Lava, Pumice and Ash | 3 | [1] |
Geomorphology
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Geological Feature
Following [5-6], the stratigrahpy of krakatoa divided into 4 eruption products from old to young as follows:
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Pre-historic Krakatoa; these products were erupted around 416 AD and consist of 2 dacitic lava flows, 1 pyroclastic flow and 1 pyroclastic fall.
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Young Krakatoa; these products were erupted around 1200 AD and consist of 3 eruption centers: Rakata, Danan and Parbuwatan. During this period, the products were dominated by lava.
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1883; period of the destruction of the Rakata, Danan and Parbuwatan volcanoes, characterized by the 1883 caldera formation, and produced typical eruptive products. This rock unit was distributed on all three islands—Rakata, Panjang and Sertung—and was composed of pumice pyroclastic flows, minor pyroclastic falls and surge deposits.
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Anak Krakatoa; since its birth in 1927 to 2017, Anak Krakatoa has erupted at least thirty-two times, showing a combination of explosive and effusive activities. Anak Krakatoa, with an elevation of about 300 m above sea level, is a volcano island, lying in the center of the Krakatoa volcanic complex. It is constructed of alternating layers of 18 lava flows and 18 pyroclastic deposits that have been built since 1927.
Reference
[1] volcano.si.edu
[2] Abdurrachman, M., Widiyantoro, S., Priadi, B., & Ismail, T. (2018). Geochemistry and structure of krakatoa volcano in the Sunda Strait, Indonesia. Geosciences, 8(4), 111.
[3] Hidayat, A., Marfai, M. A., & Hadmoko, D. S. (2020, May). Eruption on Indonesia’s volcanic islands: A review of potential hazards, fatalities, and management. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science (Vol. 485, No. 1, p. 012061). IOP Publishing.
[4] Mastin, L. G., & Witter, J. B. (2000). The hazards of eruptions through lakes and seawater. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 97(1-4), 195-214.
[5] Stehn, C. E. (1929). Krakatau: The geology and volcanism of the Krakatau group.
[6] Abdurrahman, M., et al. (2018). Geochemistry and Structure of Krakatoa Volcano in the Sunda Strait, Indonesia. Geosciences, 8(4), 111; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences8040111